Causes of Halitosis
Bad breath, medically known as halitosis or oral malodor, can be embarrassing, and sometimes difficult to tolerate for the people around you. Multiple factors can contribute to bad breath. Some of the common causes are discussed here.
Poor Oral Hygiene
Poor oral hygiene is the most common cause of bad breath. Bacteria flourish on the surfaces of teeth, gums and tongue, if the teeth are not cleaned properly. These bacteria break trapped food particles down by a process known as putrefaction, which leads to the production of volatile sulfur compounds which have a foul smell.
Dental Conditions
Most cases of halitosis arise as a result of problems in the teeth and mouth. Studies have shown that 80% of halitosis is acquired from an oral source. Some common dental conditions leading to bad breath are
- Gingivitis (inflammation of gums)
- Periodontitis (gum disease)
- Cavities
- Impacted wisdom teeth
- Abscess formation
- Old fillings
- Faulty restorations
- Unclean and loose dentures
Medical Conditions
Halitosis may be a symptom of some other health problem. Medical conditions frequently responsible for bad breath are
- Respiratory tract infections such as chronic sinus infections, postnasal drip, tonsillitis, pneumonia, and bronchitis
- Tonsilloliths (tonsil stones)
- Gastrointestinal conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- Diabetes
- Liver and kidney disorders
Xerostomia (dry mouth)
Dry mouth, scientifically referred to as xerostomia, is another important underlying factor. It is caused by a reduction in the flow of saliva. Saliva has an important role of washing away food particles and bacteria, thus preventing halitosis. A dry mouth allows bacteria to grow and increase the breakdown of organic matter and proteins. This enhanced activity leads to an unpleasant, foul smell. Your mouth can be dry after a good night’s sleep, but it can also result from
- Dehydration
- Certain medicines such as tricyclic antidepressants
- Some diseases such as Sjogren’s syndrome
- Radiation therapy to the head and neck region
Foods and Drinks
Excessive consumption of garlic, onions, spicy food, coffee and alcoholic beverages can lead to halitosis. Bad breath associated with foods and drinks is usually temporary and cured easily by avoiding their excessive consumption.
Smoking
It is another important cause of bad breath. Smoking not only makes you prone to developing halitosis, it also stains your teeth and increases the risk of gum disease, which can worsen the severity of halitosis. Quitting smoking and other tobacco products improves this condition significantly.
Medications
Some medicines may play a role in causing bad breath. Common medicines causing halitosis are
- Antianginal drugs
- Chemotherapy medications
- Tranquilizers
Crash Dieting
Crash dieting, fasting and low-carbohydrate diets lead to a characteristic sweet smell in exhaled breath. Ketones are produced when fats are being used as the energy source; these ketones are responsible for the sweet smell.